Y


Young, R. (1988). Computer-assisted language learning conversations: negotiating an outcome. CALICO Journal, 5, 65-81.

Subject: CMC; Computer Tutoring; Second Langauge Acquisition.

Young examines CALL from the perspective of "second language acquisition based on conversational interaction, and...a characteristic of interaction which [he] call[s] the negotiation of outcome. By learning activities involving negotiation of outcome, Young means those types of learning activities in which the "final outcome of the activity is not determined ahead of time, but may be negotiated by the participants involved. Discussion, role-play, simulations, and games are kinds of activities which fall into this category. Young's research shows that there is a considerable difference between "the conversational discourse generated among learners by open ended programs that allow learners to negotiate an outcome, and the discourse generated by drill and-practice programs that allow no such negotiation of outcome". He contends that "computer programs which allow outcomes to be negotiated generate the kinds of conversational discourse which are most useful for successful language learning" and also suggests that the reason why "much CALL software is unsatisfactory is that it does not allow learners to negotiate the outcome of the activity".


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